• Enable the Container Registry
• Container Registry domain configuration
  • Configure Container Registry under an existing GitLab domain
  • Configure Container Registry under its own domain
• Disable Container Registry site-wide
• Disable Container Registry for new projects site-wide
• Configure storage for the Container Registry
  • Use file system
  • Use object storage
    • Migrate to object storage without downtime
  • Disable redirect for storage driver
    • Encrypted S3 buckets
  • Storage limitations
• Change the registry’s internal port
• Disable Container Registry per project
• Use an external container registry with GitLab as an auth endpoint
• Configure Container Registry notifications
• Run the Cleanup policy now
• Container Registry garbage collection
  • Understanding the content-addressable layers
  • Recycling unused tags
  • Removing untagged manifests and unreferenced layers
  • Performing garbage collection without downtime
  • Running the garbage collection on schedule
• Configuring GitLab and Registry to run on separate nodes (Omnibus GitLab)
  • Configuring Registry
  • Configuring GitLab
• Architecture of GitLab Container Registry
  • Communication between GitLab and Registry
• Troubleshooting
  • Using self-signed certificates with Container Registry
  • unauthorized: authentication required when pushing large images
  • Docker login attempt fails with: ‘token signed by untrusted key’
  • AWS S3 with the GitLab registry error when pushing large images
  • Supporting older Docker clients
  • Docker connection error
  • Image push errors
  • Enable the Registry debug server
  • Access old schema v1 Docker images
    • Helm chart installations
    • Omnibus installations
    • Source installations
    • Images upgrade
  • Advanced Troubleshooting
    • Unexpected 403 error during push
    • mitmproxy
    • Running the Docker daemon with a proxy
    • Running the Docker client

GitLab Container Registry administration

With the GitLab Container Registry, every project can have its own space to store Docker images.

Read more about the Docker Registry in the Docker documentation.

This document is the administrator’s guide. To learn how to use the GitLab Container Registry, see the user documentation.

Enable the Container Registry

Omnibus GitLab installations

If you installed GitLab by using the Omnibus installation package, the Container Registry may or may not be available by default.

The Container Registry is automatically enabled and available on your GitLab domain, port 5050 if:

• You’re using the built-in Let’s Encrypt integration, and
• You’re using GitLab 12.5 or later.

Otherwise, the Container Registry is not enabled. To enable it:

• You can configure it for your GitLab domain, or
• You can configure it for a different domain.

The Container Registry works under HTTPS by default. You can use HTTP but it’s not recommended and is beyond the scope of this document. Read the insecure Registry documentation if you want to implement this.

Installations from source

If you have installed GitLab from source:

1. You must install Registry by yourself.
2. After the installation is complete, to enable it, you must configure the Registry’s settings in gitlab.yml.
3. Use the sample NGINX configuration file from under lib/support/nginx/registry-ssl and edit it to match the host, port, and TLS certificate paths.

The contents of gitlab.yml are:

registry:
  enabled: true
  host: registry.gitlab.example.com
  port: 5005
  api_url: http://localhost:5000/
  key: config/registry.key
  path: shared/registry
  issuer: gitlab-issuer

Where:

A Registry init file is not shipped with GitLab if you install it from source. Hence, restarting GitLab does not restart the Registry should you modify its settings. Read the upstream documentation on how to achieve that.

At the absolute minimum, make sure your Registry configuration has container_registry as the service and https://gitlab.example.com/jwt/auth as the realm:

auth:
  token:
    realm: https://gitlab.example.com/jwt/auth
    service: container_registry
    issuer: gitlab-issuer
    rootcertbundle: /root/certs/certbundle

Container Registry domain configuration

There are two ways you can configure the Registry’s external domain. Either:

• Use the existing GitLab domain. The Registry listens on a port and reuses the TLS certificate from GitLab.
• Use a completely separate domain with a new TLS certificate for that domain.

Because the Container Registry requires a TLS certificate, cost may be a factor.

Take this into consideration before configuring the Container Registry for the first time.

Configure Container Registry under an existing GitLab domain

If the Registry is configured to use the existing GitLab domain, you can expose the Registry on a port. This way you can reuse the existing GitLab TLS certificate.

If the GitLab domain is https://gitlab.example.com and the port to the outside world is 5050, here is what you need to set in gitlab.rb or gitlab.yml if you are using Omnibus GitLab or installed GitLab from source respectively.

Ensure you choose a port different than the one that Registry listens to (5000 by default), otherwise conflicts occur.

Omnibus GitLab installations

1. Your /etc/gitlab/gitlab.rb should contain the Registry URL as well as the path to the existing TLS certificate and key used by GitLab:

   registry_external_url 'https://gitlab.example.com:5050'
   

   The registry_external_url is listening on HTTPS under the existing GitLab URL, but on a different port.

   If your TLS certificate is not in /etc/gitlab/ssl/gitlab.example.com.crt and key not in /etc/gitlab/ssl/gitlab.example.com.key uncomment the lines below:

   registry_nginx['ssl_certificate'] = "/path/to/certificate.pem"
   registry_nginx['ssl_certificate_key'] = "/path/to/certificate.key"
   

2. Save the file and reconfigure GitLab for the changes to take effect.

3. Validate using:

   openssl s_client -showcerts -servername gitlab.example.com -connect gitlab.example.com:5050 > cacert.pem
   

If your certificate provider provides the CA Bundle certificates, append them to the TLS certificate file.

An administrator may want the container registry listening on an arbitrary port such as 5678. However, the registry and application server are behind an AWS application load balancer that only listens on ports 80 and 443. The admin may simply remove the port number for registry_external_url, so HTTP or HTTPS is assumed. Then, the rules apply that map the load balancer to the registry from ports 80 or 443 to the arbitrary port. This is important if users rely on the docker login example in the container registry. Here’s an example:

registry_external_url 'https://registry-gitlab.example.com'
registry_nginx['redirect_http_to_https'] = true
registry_nginx['listen_port'] = 5678

Installations from source

1. Open /home/git/gitlab/config/gitlab.yml, find the registry entry and configure it with the following settings:

   registry:
     enabled: true
     host: gitlab.example.com
     port: 5050
   

2. Save the file and restart GitLab for the changes to take effect.
3. Make the relevant changes in NGINX as well (domain, port, TLS certificates path).

Users should now be able to sign in to the Container Registry with their GitLab credentials using:

docker login gitlab.example.com:5050

Configure Container Registry under its own domain

When the Registry is configured to use its own domain, you need a TLS certificate for that specific domain (for example, registry.example.com). You might need a wildcard certificate if hosted under a subdomain of your existing GitLab domain, for example, registry.gitlab.example.com.

As well as manually generated SSL certificates (explained here), certificates automatically generated by Let’s Encrypt are also supported in Omnibus installs.

Let’s assume that you want the container Registry to be accessible at https://registry.gitlab.example.com.

Omnibus GitLab installations

1. Place your TLS certificate and key in /etc/gitlab/ssl/registry.gitlab.example.com.crt and /etc/gitlab/ssl/registry.gitlab.example.com.key and make sure they have correct permissions:

   chmod 600 /etc/gitlab/ssl/registry.gitlab.example.com.*
   

2. After the TLS certificate is in place, edit /etc/gitlab/gitlab.rb with:

   registry_external_url 'https://registry.gitlab.example.com'
   

   The registry_external_url is listening on HTTPS.

3. Save the file and reconfigure GitLab for the changes to take effect.

If you have a wildcard certificate, you must specify the path to the certificate in addition to the URL, in this case /etc/gitlab/gitlab.rb looks like:

registry_nginx['ssl_certificate'] = "/etc/gitlab/ssl/certificate.pem"
registry_nginx['ssl_certificate_key'] = "/etc/gitlab/ssl/certificate.key"

Installations from source

1. Open /home/git/gitlab/config/gitlab.yml, find the registry entry and configure it with the following settings:

   registry:
     enabled: true
     host: registry.gitlab.example.com
   

2. Save the file and restart GitLab for the changes to take effect.
3. Make the relevant changes in NGINX as well (domain, port, TLS certificates path).

Users should now be able to sign in to the Container Registry using their GitLab credentials:

docker login registry.gitlab.example.com

Disable Container Registry site-wide

When you disable the Registry by following these steps, you do not remove any existing Docker images. This is handled by the Registry application itself.

Omnibus GitLab

1. Open /etc/gitlab/gitlab.rb and set registry['enable'] to false:

   registry['enable'] = false
   

2. Save the file and reconfigure GitLab for the changes to take effect.

Installations from source

1. Open /home/git/gitlab/config/gitlab.yml, find the registry entry and set enabled to false:

   registry:
     enabled: false
   

2. Save the file and restart GitLab for the changes to take effect.

Disable Container Registry for new projects site-wide

If the Container Registry is enabled, then it should be available on all new projects. To disable this function and let the owners of a project to enable the Container Registry by themselves, follow the steps below.

Omnibus GitLab installations

1. Edit /etc/gitlab/gitlab.rb and add the following line:

   gitlab_rails['gitlab_default_projects_features_container_registry'] = false
   

2. Save the file and reconfigure GitLab for the changes to take effect.

Installations from source

1. Open /home/git/gitlab/config/gitlab.yml, find the default_projects_features entry and configure it so that container_registry is set to false:

   ## Default project features settings
   default_projects_features:
     issues: true
     merge_requests: true
     wiki: true
     snippets: false
     builds: true
     container_registry: false
   

2. Save the file and restart GitLab for the changes to take effect.

Configure storage for the Container Registry

You can configure the Container Registry to use various storage backends by configuring a storage driver. By default the GitLab Container Registry is configured to use the file system driver configuration.

The different supported drivers are:

Although most S3 compatible services (like MinIO) should work with the Container Registry, we only guarantee support for AWS S3. Because we cannot assert the correctness of third-party S3 implementations, we can debug issues, but we cannot patch the registry unless an issue is reproducible against an AWS S3 bucket.

Read more about the individual driver’s configuration options in the Docker Registry docs.

Use file system

If you want to store your images on the file system, you can change the storage path for the Container Registry, follow the steps below.

This path is accessible to:

• The user running the Container Registry daemon.
• The user running GitLab.

All GitLab, Registry, and web server users must have access to this directory.

Omnibus GitLab installations

The default location where images are stored in Omnibus, is /var/opt/gitlab/gitlab-rails/shared/registry. To change it:

1. Edit /etc/gitlab/gitlab.rb:

   gitlab_rails['registry_path'] = "/path/to/registry/storage"
   

2. Save the file and reconfigure GitLab for the changes to take effect.

Installations from source

The default location where images are stored in source installations, is /home/git/gitlab/shared/registry. To change it:

1. Open /home/git/gitlab/config/gitlab.yml, find the registry entry and change the path setting:

   registry:
     path: shared/registry
   

2. Save the file and restart GitLab for the changes to take effect.

Use object storage

If you want to store your images on object storage, you can change the storage driver for the Container Registry.

Read more about using object storage with GitLab.

Omnibus GitLab installations

To configure the s3 storage driver in Omnibus:

1. Edit /etc/gitlab/gitlab.rb:

   registry['storage'] = {
     's3' => {
       'accesskey' => 's3-access-key',
       'secretkey' => 's3-secret-key-for-access-key',
       'bucket' => 'your-s3-bucket',
       'region' => 'your-s3-region',
       'regionendpoint' => 'your-s3-regionendpoint'
     }
   }
   

   To avoid using static credentials, use an IAM role and omit accesskey and secretkey. Make sure that your IAM profile follows the permissions documented by Docker.

   registry['storage'] = {
     's3' => {
       'bucket' => 'your-s3-bucket',
       'region' => 'your-s3-region'
     }
   }
   

   If using with an AWS S3 VPC endpoint, then set regionendpoint to your VPC endpoint address and set path_style to false:

   registry['storage'] = {
     's3' => {
       'accesskey' => 's3-access-key',
       'secretkey' => 's3-secret-key-for-access-key',
       'bucket' => 'your-s3-bucket',
       'region' => 'your-s3-region',
       'regionendpoint' => 'your-s3-vpc-endpoint',
       'path_style' => false
     }
   }
   

   • regionendpoint is only required when configuring an S3 compatible service such as MinIO, or when using an AWS S3 VPC Endpoint.
   • your-s3-bucket should be the name of a bucket that exists, and can’t include subdirectories.
   • path_style should be set to true to use host/bucket_name/object style paths instead of bucket_name.host/object. Set to false for AWS S3.

2. Save the file and reconfigure GitLab for the changes to take effect.

Installations from source

Configuring the storage driver is done in the registry configuration YML file created when you deployed your Docker registry.

s3 storage driver example:

storage:
  s3:
    accesskey: 's3-access-key'                # Not needed if IAM role used
    secretkey: 's3-secret-key-for-access-key' # Not needed if IAM role used
    bucket: 'your-s3-bucket'
    region: 'your-s3-region'
    regionendpoint: 'your-s3-regionendpoint'
  cache:
    blobdescriptor: inmemory
  delete:
    enabled: true

your-s3-bucket should be the name of a bucket that exists, and can’t include subdirectories.

Migrate to object storage without downtime

To migrate storage without stopping the Container Registry, set the Container Registry to read-only mode. On large instances, this may require the Container Registry to be in read-only mode for a while. During this time, you can pull from the Container Registry, but you cannot push.

1. Optional: To reduce the amount of data to be migrated, run the garbage collection tool without downtime.

2. This example uses the aws CLI. If you haven’t configured the CLI before, you have to configure your credentials by running sudo aws configure. Because a non-administrator user likely can’t access the Container Registry folder, ensure you use sudo. To check your credential configuration, run ls to list all buckets.

   sudo aws --endpoint-url https://your-object-storage-backend.com s3 ls
   

   If you are using AWS as your back end, you do not need the --endpoint-url.

3. Copy initial data to your S3 bucket, for example with the aws CLI cp or sync command. Make sure to keep the docker folder as the top-level folder inside the bucket.

   sudo aws --endpoint-url https://your-object-storage-backend.com s3 sync registry s3://mybucket
   

   If you have a lot of data, you may be able to improve performance by running parallel sync operations.
4. To perform the final data sync, put the Container Registry in read-only mode and reconfigure GitLab.

5. Sync any changes since the initial data load to your S3 bucket and delete files that exist in the destination bucket but not in the source:

   sudo aws --endpoint-url https://your-object-storage-backend.com s3 sync registry s3://mybucket --delete --dryrun
   

   After verifying the command performs as expected, remove the --dryrun flag and run the command.

   The --delete flag deletes files that exist in the destination but not in the source. If you swap the source and destination, all data in the Registry is deleted.

6. Verify all Container Registry files have been uploaded to object storage by looking at the file count returned by these two commands:

   sudo find registry -type f | wc -l
   

   sudo aws --endpoint-url https://your-object-storage-backend.com s3 ls s3://mybucket --recursive | wc -l
   

   The output of these commands should match, except for the content in the _uploads directories and sub-directories.

7. Configure your registry to use the S3 bucket for storage.
8. For the changes to take effect, set the Registry back to read-write mode and reconfigure GitLab.

Disable redirect for storage driver

By default, users accessing a registry configured with a remote backend are redirected to the default backend for the storage driver. For example, registries can be configured using the s3 storage driver, which redirects requests to a remote S3 bucket to alleviate load on the GitLab server.

However, this behavior is undesirable for registries used by internal hosts that usually can’t access public servers. To disable redirects and proxy download, set the disable flag to true as follows. This makes all traffic always go through the Registry service. This results in improved security (less surface attack as the storage backend is not publicly accessible), but worse performance (all traffic is redirected via the service).

Omnibus GitLab installations

1. Edit /etc/gitlab/gitlab.rb:

    registry['storage'] = {
      's3' => {
        'accesskey' => 's3-access-key',
        'secretkey' => 's3-secret-key-for-access-key',
        'bucket' => 'your-s3-bucket',
        'region' => 'your-s3-region',
        'regionendpoint' => 'your-s3-regionendpoint'
      },
      'redirect' => {
        'disable' => true
      }
    }
   

2. Save the file and reconfigure GitLab for the changes to take effect.

Installations from source

1. Add the redirect flag to your registry configuration YML file:

    storage:
      s3:
        accesskey: 'AKIAKIAKI'
        secretkey: 'secret123'
        bucket: 'gitlab-registry-bucket-AKIAKIAKI'
        region: 'your-s3-region'
        regionendpoint: 'your-s3-regionendpoint'
      redirect:
        disable: true
      cache:
        blobdescriptor: inmemory
      delete:
        enabled: true
   

2. Save the file and restart GitLab for the changes to take effect.

Encrypted S3 buckets

You can use server-side encryption with AWS KMS for S3 buckets that have SSE-S3 or SSE-KMS encryption enabled by default. Customer master keys (CMKs) and SSE-C encryption aren’t supported since this requires sending the encryption keys in every request.

For SSE-S3, you must enable the encrypt option in the registry settings. How you do this depends on how you installed GitLab. Follow the instructions here that match your installation method.

For Omnibus GitLab installations:

1. Edit /etc/gitlab/gitlab.rb:

    registry['storage'] = {
      's3' => {
        'accesskey' => 's3-access-key',
        'secretkey' => 's3-secret-key-for-access-key',
        'bucket' => 'your-s3-bucket',
        'region' => 'your-s3-region',
        'regionendpoint' => 'your-s3-regionendpoint',
        'encrypt' => true
      }
    }
   

2. Save the file and reconfigure GitLab for the changes to take effect.

For installations from source:

1. Edit your registry configuration YML file:

    storage:
      s3:
        accesskey: 'AKIAKIAKI'
        secretkey: 'secret123'
        bucket: 'gitlab-registry-bucket-AKIAKIAKI'
        region: 'your-s3-region'
        regionendpoint: 'your-s3-regionendpoint'
        encrypt: true
   

2. Save the file and restart GitLab for the changes to take effect.

Storage limitations

Currently, there is no storage limitation, which means a user can upload an infinite amount of Docker images with arbitrary sizes. This setting should be configurable in future releases.

Change the registry’s internal port

The Registry server listens on localhost at port 5000 by default, which is the address for which the Registry server should accept connections. In the examples below we set the Registry’s port to 5001.

Omnibus GitLab

1. Open /etc/gitlab/gitlab.rb and set registry['registry_http_addr']:

   registry['registry_http_addr'] = "localhost:5001"
   

2. Save the file and reconfigure GitLab for the changes to take effect.

Installations from source

1. Open the configuration file of your Registry server and edit the http:addr value:

   http:
     addr: localhost:5001
   

2. Save the file and restart the Registry server.

Disable Container Registry per project

If Registry is enabled in your GitLab instance, but you don’t need it for your project, you can disable it from your project’s settings.

Use an external container registry with GitLab as an auth endpoint

If you use an external container registry, some features associated with the container registry may be unavailable or have inherent risks.

For the integration to work, the external registry must be configured to use a JSON Web Token to authenticate with GitLab. The external registry’s runtime configuration must have the following entries:

auth:
  token:
    realm: https://gitlab.example.com/jwt/auth
    service: container_registry
    issuer: gitlab-issuer
    rootcertbundle: /root/certs/certbundle

Without these entries, the registry logins cannot authenticate with GitLab. GitLab also remains unaware of nested image names under the project hierarchy, like registry.example.com/group/project/image-name:tag or registry.example.com/group/project/my/image-name:tag, and only recognizes registry.example.com/group/project:tag.

Omnibus GitLab

You can use GitLab as an auth endpoint with an external container registry.

1. Open /etc/gitlab/gitlab.rb and set necessary configurations:

   gitlab_rails['registry_enabled'] = true
   gitlab_rails['registry_api_url'] = "https://<external_registry_host>:5000"
   gitlab_rails['registry_issuer'] = "gitlab-issuer"
   

   • gitlab_rails['registry_enabled'] = true is needed to enable GitLab Container Registry features and authentication endpoint. The GitLab bundled Container Registry service does not start, even with this enabled.
   • gitlab_rails['registry_api_url'] = "http://<external_registry_host>:5000" must be changed to match the host where Registry is installed. It must also specify https if the external registry is configured to use TLS. Read more on the Docker registry documentation.

2. A certificate-key pair is required for GitLab and the external container registry to communicate securely. You need to create a certificate-key pair, configuring the external container registry with the public certificate (rootcertbundle) and configuring GitLab with the private key. To do that, add the following to /etc/gitlab/gitlab.rb:

   # registry['internal_key'] should contain the contents of the custom key
   # file. Line breaks in the key file should be marked using `\n` character
   # Example:
   registry['internal_key'] = "---BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY---\nMIIEpQIBAA\n"
   
   # Optionally define a custom file for Omnibus GitLab to write the contents
   # of registry['internal_key'] to.
   gitlab_rails['registry_key_path'] = "/custom/path/to/registry-key.key"
   

   Each time reconfigure is executed, the file specified at registry_key_path gets populated with the content specified by internal_key. If no file is specified, Omnibus GitLab defaults it to /var/opt/gitlab/gitlab-rails/etc/gitlab-registry.key and populates it.

3. To change the container registry URL displayed in the GitLab Container Registry pages, set the following configurations:

   gitlab_rails['registry_host'] = "registry.gitlab.example.com"
   gitlab_rails['registry_port'] = "5005"
   

4. Save the file and reconfigure GitLab for the changes to take effect.

Installations from source

1. Open /home/git/gitlab/config/gitlab.yml, and edit the configuration settings under registry:

   ## Container Registry
   
   registry:
     enabled: true
     host: "registry.gitlab.example.com"
     port: "5005"
     api_url: "https://<external_registry_host>:5000"
     path: /var/lib/registry
     key: /path/to/keyfile
     issuer: gitlab-issuer
   

   Read more about what these parameters mean.

2. Save the file and restart GitLab for the changes to take effect.

Configure Container Registry notifications

You can configure the Container Registry to send webhook notifications in response to events happening within the registry.

Read more about the Container Registry notifications configuration options in the Docker Registry notifications documentation.

You can configure multiple endpoints for the Container Registry.

Omnibus GitLab installations

To configure a notification endpoint in Omnibus:

1. Edit /etc/gitlab/gitlab.rb:

   registry['notifications'] = [
     {
       'name' => 'test_endpoint',
       'url' => 'https://gitlab.example.com/notify',
       'timeout' => '500ms',
       'threshold' => 5,
       'backoff' => '1s',
       'headers' => {
         "Authorization" => ["AUTHORIZATION_EXAMPLE_TOKEN"]
       }
     }
   ]
   

2. Save the file and reconfigure GitLab for the changes to take effect.

Installations from source

Configuring the notification endpoint is done in your registry configuration YML file created when you deployed your Docker registry.

Example:

notifications:
  endpoints:
    - name: alistener
      disabled: false
      url: https://my.listener.com/event
      headers: <http.Header>
      timeout: 500
      threshold: 5
      backoff: 1000

Run the Cleanup policy now

To reduce the amount of Container Registry disk space used by a given project, administrators can clean up image tags and run garbage collection.

To remove image tags by running the cleanup policy, run the following commands in the GitLab Rails console:

# Numeric ID of the project whose container registry should be cleaned up
P = <project_id>

# Numeric ID of a developer, maintainer or owner in that project
U = <user_id>

# Get required details / objects
user    = User.find_by_id(U)
project = Project.find_by_id(P)
policy  = ContainerExpirationPolicy.find_by(project_id: P)

# Loop through each container repository
project.container_repositories.find_each do |repo|
  puts repo.attributes

  # Start the tag cleanup
  puts Projects::ContainerRepository::CleanupTagsService.new(project, user, policy.attributes.except("created_at", "updated_at")).execute(repo)
end

You can also run cleanup on a schedule.

Container Registry garbage collection

Container Registry can use considerable amounts of disk space. To clear up some unused layers, the registry includes a garbage collect command.

GitLab offers a set of APIs to manipulate the Container Registry and aid the process of removing unused tags. Currently, this is exposed using the API, but in the future, these controls should migrate to the GitLab interface.

Project maintainers can delete Container Registry tags in bulk periodically based on their own criteria, however, this alone does not recycle data, it only unlinks tags from manifests and image blobs. To recycle the Container Registry data in the whole GitLab instance, you can use the built-in command provided by gitlab-ctl.

Prerequisites:

• You must have installed GitLab by using an Omnibus package or the cloud native chart.
• You must set the Registry to read-only mode. Running garbage collection causes downtime for the Container Registry. When you run this command on an instance in an environment where another instances is still writing to the Registry storage, referenced manifests are removed.

Understanding the content-addressable layers

Consider the following example, where you first build the image:

# This builds a image with content of sha256:111111
docker build -t my.registry.com/my.group/my.project:latest .
docker push my.registry.com/my.group/my.project:latest

Now, you do overwrite :latest with a new version:

# This builds a image with content of sha256:222222
docker build -t my.registry.com/my.group/my.project:latest .
docker push my.registry.com/my.group/my.project:latest

Now, the :latest tag points to manifest of sha256:222222. However, due to the architecture of registry, this data is still accessible when pulling the image my.registry.com/my.group/my.project@sha256:111111, even though it is no longer directly accessible via the :latest tag.

Recycling unused tags

Before you run the built-in command, note the following:

• The built-in command stops the registry before it starts the garbage collection.
• The garbage collect command takes some time to complete, depending on the amount of data that exists.
• If you changed the location of registry configuration file, you must specify its path.
• After the garbage collection is done, the registry should start automatically.

If you did not change the default location of the configuration file, run:

sudo gitlab-ctl registry-garbage-collect

This command takes some time to complete, depending on the amount of layers you have stored.

If you changed the location of the Container Registry config.yml:

sudo gitlab-ctl registry-garbage-collect /path/to/config.yml

You may also remove all untagged manifests and unreferenced layers, although this is a way more destructive operation, and you should first understand the implications.

Removing untagged manifests and unreferenced layers

The GitLab Container Registry follows the same default workflow as Docker Distribution: retain untagged manifests and all layers, even ones that are not referenced directly. All content can be accessed by using context addressable identifiers.

However, in most workflows, you don’t care about untagged manifests and old layers if they are not directly referenced by a tagged manifest. The registry-garbage-collect command supports the -m switch to allow you to remove all unreferenced manifests and layers that are not directly accessible via tag:

sudo gitlab-ctl registry-garbage-collect -m

Since this is a way more destructive operation, this behavior is disabled by default. You are likely expecting this way of operation, but before doing that, ensure that you have backed up all registry data.

When the command is used without the -m flag, the Container Registry only removes layers that are not referenced by any manifest, tagged or not.

Performing garbage collection without downtime

You can perform garbage collection without stopping the Container Registry by putting it in read-only mode and by not using the built-in command. On large instances this could require Container Registry to be in read-only mode for a while. During this time, you are able to pull from the Container Registry, but you are not able to push.

By default, the registry storage path is /var/opt/gitlab/gitlab-rails/shared/registry.

To enable the read-only mode:

1. In /etc/gitlab/gitlab.rb, specify the read-only mode:

     registry['storage'] = {
       'filesystem' => {
         'rootdirectory' => "<your_registry_storage_path>"
       },
       'maintenance' => {
         'readonly' => {
           'enabled' => true
         }
       }
     }
   

2. Save and reconfigure GitLab:

   sudo gitlab-ctl reconfigure
   

   This command sets the Container Registry into the read-only mode.

3. Next, trigger one of the garbage collect commands:

   # Recycling unused tags
   sudo /opt/gitlab/embedded/bin/registry garbage-collect /var/opt/gitlab/registry/config.yml
   
   # Removing unused layers not referenced by manifests
   sudo /opt/gitlab/embedded/bin/registry garbage-collect -m /var/opt/gitlab/registry/config.yml
   

   This command starts the garbage collection, which might take some time to complete.

4. Once done, in /etc/gitlab/gitlab.rb change it back to read-write mode:

    registry['storage'] = {
      'filesystem' => {
        'rootdirectory' => "<your_registry_storage_path>"
      },
      'maintenance' => {
        'readonly' => {
          'enabled' => false
        }
      }
    }
   

5. Save and reconfigure GitLab:

   sudo gitlab-ctl reconfigure
   

Running the garbage collection on schedule

Ideally, you want to run the garbage collection of the registry regularly on a weekly basis at a time when the registry is not being in-use. The simplest way is to add a new crontab job that it runs periodically once a week.

Create a file under /etc/cron.d/registry-garbage-collect:

SHELL=/bin/sh
PATH=/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin

# Run every Sunday at 04:05am
5 4 * * 0  root gitlab-ctl registry-garbage-collect

You may want to add the -m flag to remove untagged manifests and unreferenced layers.

Configuring GitLab and Registry to run on separate nodes (Omnibus GitLab)

By default, package assumes that both services are running on the same node. In order to get GitLab and Registry to run on a separate nodes, separate configuration is necessary for Registry and GitLab.

Configuring Registry

Below you will find configuration options you should set in /etc/gitlab/gitlab.rb, for Registry to run separately from GitLab:

• registry['registry_http_addr'], default set programmatically. Needs to be reachable by web server (or LB).
• registry['token_realm'], default set programmatically. Specifies the endpoint to use to perform authentication, usually the GitLab URL. This endpoint needs to be reachable by user.
• registry['http_secret'], random string. A random piece of data used to sign state that may be stored with the client to protect against tampering.
• registry['internal_key'], default automatically generated. Contents of the key that GitLab uses to sign the tokens. They key gets created on the Registry server, but it won’t be used there.
• gitlab_rails['registry_key_path'], default set programmatically. This is the path where internal_key contents will be written to disk.
• registry['internal_certificate'], default automatically generated. Contents of the certificate that GitLab uses to sign the tokens.
• registry['rootcertbundle'], default set programmatically. Path to certificate. This is the path where internal_certificate contents will be written to disk.
• registry['health_storagedriver_enabled'], default set programmatically. Configure whether health checks on the configured storage driver are enabled.
• gitlab_rails['registry_issuer'], default value. This setting needs to be set the same between Registry and GitLab.

Configuring GitLab

Below you will find configuration options you should set in /etc/gitlab/gitlab.rb, for GitLab to run separately from Registry:

• gitlab_rails['registry_enabled'], must be set to true. This setting will signal to GitLab that it should allow Registry API requests.
• gitlab_rails['registry_api_url'], default set programmatically. This is the Registry URL used internally that users do not need to interact with, registry['registry_http_addr'] with scheme.
• gitlab_rails['registry_host'], eg. registry.gitlab.example. Registry endpoint without the scheme, the address that gets shown to the end user.
• gitlab_rails['registry_port']. Registry endpoint port, visible to the end user.
• gitlab_rails['registry_issuer'] must match the issuer in the Registry configuration.
• gitlab_rails['registry_key_path'], path to the key that matches the certificate on the Registry side.
• gitlab_rails['internal_key'], contents of the key that GitLab uses to sign the tokens.

Architecture of GitLab Container Registry

The GitLab registry is what users use to store their own Docker images. Because of that the Registry is client facing, meaning that we expose it directly on the web server (or load balancers, LB for short).

The flow described by the diagram above:

1. A user runs docker login registry.gitlab.example on their client. This reaches the web server (or LB) on port 443.
2. Web server connects to the Registry backend pool (by default, using port 5000). Since the user didn’t provide a valid token, the Registry returns a 401 HTTP code and the URL (token_realm from Registry configuration) where to get one. This points to the GitLab API.
3. The Docker client then connects to the GitLab API and obtains a token.
4. The API signs the token with the registry key and hands it to the Docker client
5. The Docker client now logs in again with the token received from the API. It can now push and pull Docker images.

Reference: https://docs.docker.com/registry/spec/auth/token/

Communication between GitLab and Registry

Registry doesn’t have a way to authenticate users internally so it relies on GitLab to validate credentials. The connection between Registry and GitLab is TLS encrypted. The key is used by GitLab to sign the tokens while the certificate is used by Registry to validate the signature. By default, a self-signed certificate key pair is generated for all installations. This can be overridden as needed.

GitLab interacts with the Registry using the Registry private key. When a Registry request goes out, a new short-living (10 minutes) namespace limited token is generated and signed with the private key. The Registry then verifies that the signature matches the registry certificate specified in its configuration and allows the operation. GitLab background jobs processing (through Sidekiq) also interacts with Registry. These jobs talk directly to Registry in order to handle image deletion.

Troubleshooting

Before diving in to the following sections, here’s some basic troubleshooting:

1. Check to make sure that the system clock on your Docker client and GitLab server have been synchronized (for example, via NTP).

2. If you are using an S3-backed Registry, double check that the IAM permissions and the S3 credentials (including region) are correct. See the sample IAM policy for more details.

3. Check the Registry logs (for example /var/log/gitlab/registry/current) and the GitLab production logs for errors (for example /var/log/gitlab/gitlab-rails/production.log). You may be able to find clues there.

Using self-signed certificates with Container Registry

If you’re using a self-signed certificate with your Container Registry, you might encounter issues during the CI jobs like the following:

Error response from daemon: Get registry.example.com/v1/users/: x509: certificate signed by unknown authority

The Docker daemon running the command expects a cert signed by a recognized CA, thus the error above.

While GitLab doesn’t support using self-signed certificates with Container Registry out of the box, it is possible to make it work by instructing the Docker daemon to trust the self-signed certificates, mounting the Docker daemon and setting privileged = false in the GitLab Runner config.toml file. Setting privileged = true takes precedence over the Docker daemon:

  [runners.docker]
    image = "ruby:2.6"
    privileged = false
    volumes = ["/var/run/docker.sock:/var/run/docker.sock", "/cache"]

Additional information about this: issue 18239.

unauthorized: authentication required when pushing large images

Example error:

docker push gitlab.example.com/myproject/docs:latest
The push refers to a repository [gitlab.example.com/myproject/docs]
630816f32edb: Preparing
530d5553aec8: Preparing
...
4b0bab9ff599: Waiting
d1c800db26c7: Waiting
42755cf4ee95: Waiting
unauthorized: authentication required

GitLab has a default token expiration of 5 minutes for the registry. When pushing larger images, or images that take longer than 5 minutes to push, users may encounter this error.

Administrators can increase the token duration in Admin area > Settings > CI/CD > Container Registry > Authorization token duration (minutes).

Docker login attempt fails with: ‘token signed by untrusted key’

Registry relies on GitLab to validate credentials If the registry fails to authenticate valid login attempts, you get the following error message:

# docker login gitlab.company.com:4567
Username: user
Password:
Error response from daemon: login attempt to https://gitlab.company.com:4567/v2/ failed with status: 401 Unauthorized

And more specifically, this appears in the /var/log/gitlab/registry/current log file:

level=info msg="token signed by untrusted key with ID: "TOKE:NL6Q:7PW6:EXAM:PLET:OKEN:BG27:RCIB:D2S3:EXAM:PLET:OKEN""
level=warning msg="error authorizing context: invalid token" go.version=go1.12.7 http.request.host="gitlab.company.com:4567" http.request.id=74613829-2655-4f96-8991-1c9fe33869b8 http.request.method=GET http.request.remoteaddr=10.72.11.20 http.request.uri="/v2/" http.request.useragent="docker/19.03.2 go/go1.12.8 git-commit/6a30dfc kernel/3.10.0-693.2.2.el7.x86_64 os/linux arch/amd64 UpstreamClient(Docker-Client/19.03.2 \(linux\))"

GitLab uses the contents of the certificate key pair’s two sides to encrypt the authentication token for the Registry. This message means that those contents do not align.

Check which files are in use:

• grep -A6 'auth:' /var/opt/gitlab/registry/config.yml

  ## Container Registry Certificate
     auth:
       token:
         realm: https://gitlab.my.net/jwt/auth
         service: container_registry
         issuer: omnibus-gitlab-issuer
    -->  rootcertbundle: /var/opt/gitlab/registry/gitlab-registry.crt
         autoredirect: false
  

• grep -A9 'Container Registry' /var/opt/gitlab/gitlab-rails/etc/gitlab.yml

  ## Container Registry Key
     registry:
       enabled: true
       host: gitlab.company.com
       port: 4567
       api_url: http://127.0.0.1:5000 # internal address to the registry, will be used by GitLab to directly communicate with API
       path: /var/opt/gitlab/gitlab-rails/shared/registry
  -->  key: /var/opt/gitlab/gitlab-rails/etc/gitlab-registry.key
       issuer: omnibus-gitlab-issuer
       notification_secret:
  

The output of these openssl commands should match, proving that the cert-key pair is a match:

openssl x509 -noout -modulus -in /var/opt/gitlab/registry/gitlab-registry.crt | openssl sha256
openssl rsa -noout -modulus -in /var/opt/gitlab/gitlab-rails/etc/gitlab-registry.key | openssl sha256

If the two pieces of the certificate do not align, remove the files and run gitlab-ctl reconfigure to regenerate the pair. If you have overridden the automatically generated self-signed pair with your own certificates and have made sure that their contents align, you can delete the ‘registry’ section in your /etc/gitlab/gitlab-secrets.json and run gitlab-ctl reconfigure.

AWS S3 with the GitLab registry error when pushing large images

When using AWS S3 with the GitLab registry, an error may occur when pushing large images. Look in the Registry log for the following error:

level=error msg="response completed with error" err.code=unknown err.detail="unexpected EOF" err.message="unknown error"

To resolve the error specify a chunksize value in the Registry configuration. Start with a value between 25000000 (25MB) and 50000000 (50MB).

For Omnibus installations

1. Edit /etc/gitlab/gitlab.rb:

   registry['storage'] = {
     's3' => {
       'accesskey' => 'AKIAKIAKI',
       'secretkey' => 'secret123',
       'bucket'    => 'gitlab-registry-bucket-AKIAKIAKI',
       'chunksize' => 25000000
     }
   }
   

2. Save the file and reconfigure GitLab for the changes to take effect.

For installations from source

1. Edit config/gitlab.yml:

   storage:
     s3:
       accesskey: 'AKIAKIAKI'
       secretkey: 'secret123'
       bucket: 'gitlab-registry-bucket-AKIAKIAKI'
       chunksize: 25000000
   

2. Save the file and restart GitLab for the changes to take effect.

Supporting older Docker clients

As of GitLab 11.9, we began shipping version 2.7.1 of the Docker container registry, which disables the schema1 manifest by default. If you are still using older Docker clients (1.9 or older), you may experience an error pushing images. See omnibus-4145 for more details.

You can add a configuration option for backwards compatibility.

For Omnibus installations

1. Edit /etc/gitlab/gitlab.rb:

   registry['compatibility_schema1_enabled'] = true
   

2. Save the file and reconfigure GitLab for the changes to take effect.

For installations from source

1. Edit the YML configuration file you created when you deployed the registry. Add the following snippet:

   compatibility:
       schema1:
           enabled: true
   

2. Restart the registry for the changes to take affect.

Docker connection error

A Docker connection error can occur when there are special characters in either the group, project or branch name. Special characters can include:

• Leading underscore
• Trailing hyphen/dash
• Double hyphen/dash

To get around this, you can change the group path, change the project path or change the branch name. Another option is to create a push rule to prevent this at the instance level.

Image push errors

When getting errors or “retrying” loops in an attempt to push an image but docker login works fine, there is likely an issue with the headers forwarded to the registry by NGINX. The default recommended NGINX configurations should handle this, but it might occur in custom setups where the SSL is offloaded to a third party reverse proxy.

This problem was discussed in a Docker project issue and a simple solution would be to enable relative URLs in the Registry.

For Omnibus installations

1. Edit /etc/gitlab/gitlab.rb:

   registry['env'] = {
     "REGISTRY_HTTP_RELATIVEURLS" => true
   }
   

2. Save the file and reconfigure GitLab for the changes to take effect.

For installations from source

1. Edit the YML configuration file you created when you deployed the registry. Add the following snippet:

   http:
       relativeurls: true
   

2. Save the file and restart GitLab for the changes to take effect.

Enable the Registry debug server

You can use the Container Registry debug server to diagnose problems. The debug endpoint can monitor metrics and health, as well as do profiling.

The optional debug server can be enabled by setting the registry debug address in your gitlab.rb configuration.

registry['debug_addr'] = "localhost:5001"

After adding the setting, reconfigure GitLab to apply the change.

Use curl to request debug output from the debug server:

curl "localhost:5001/debug/health"
curl "localhost:5001/debug/vars"

Access old schema v1 Docker images

Support for the Docker registry v1 API, including schema V1 image manifests, was:

• Deprecated in GitLab 13.7
• Removed in GitLab 13.9

It’s no longer possible to push or pull v1 images from the GitLab Container Registry.

If you had v1 images in the GitLab Container Registry, but you did not upgrade them (following the steps Docker recommends) ahead of the GitLab 13.9 upgrade, these images are no longer accessible. If you try to pull them, this error appears:

• Error response from daemon: manifest invalid: Schema 1 manifest not supported

For Self-Managed GitLab instances, you can regain access to these images by temporarily downgrading the GitLab Container Registry to a version lower than v3.0.0-gitlab. Follow these steps to regain access to these images:

1. Downgrade the Container Registry to v2.13.1-gitlab.
2. Upgrade any v1 images.
3. Revert the Container Registry downgrade.

There’s no need to put the registry in read-only mode during the image upgrade process. Ensure that you are not relying on any new feature introduced since v3.0.0-gitlab. Such features are unavailable during the upgrade process. See the complete registry changelog for more information.

The following sections provide additional details about each installation method.

Helm chart installations

For Helm chart installations:

1. Override the image.tag configuration parameter with v2.13.1-gitlab.
2. Restart.
3. Performing the images upgrade) steps.
4. Revert the image.tag parameter to the previous value.

No other registry configuration changes are required.

Omnibus installations

For Omnibus installations:

1. Temporarily replace the registry binary that ships with GitLab 13.9+ for one prior to v3.0.0-gitlab. To do so, pull a previous version of the Docker image for the GitLab Container Registry, such as v2.13.1-gitlab. You can then grab the registry binary from within this image, located at /bin/registry:

   id=$(docker create registry.gitlab.com/gitlab-org/build/cng/gitlab-container-registry:v2.13.1-gitlab)
   docker cp $id:/bin/registry registry-2.13.1-gitlab
   docker rm $id
   

2. Replace the binary embedded in the Omnibus install, located at /opt/gitlab/embedded/bin/registry, with registry-2.13.1-gitlab. Make sure to start by backing up the original binary embedded in Omnibus, and restore it after performing the image upgrade) steps. You should stop the registry service before replacing its binary and start it right after. No registry configuration changes are required.

Source installations

For source installations, locate your registry binary and temporarily replace it with the one obtained from v3.0.0-gitlab, as explained for Omnibus installations. Make sure to start by backing up the original registry binary, and restore it after performing the images upgrade) steps.

Images upgrade

Follow the steps that Docker recommends to upgrade v1 images. The most straightforward option is to pull those images and push them once again to the registry, using a Docker client version above v1.12. Docker converts images automatically before pushing them to the registry. Once done, all your v1 images should now be available as v2 images.

Advanced Troubleshooting

We use a concrete example to illustrate how to diagnose a problem with the S3 setup.

Unexpected 403 error during push

A user attempted to enable an S3-backed Registry. The docker login step went fine. However, when pushing an image, the output showed:

The push refers to a repository [s3-testing.myregistry.com:5050/root/docker-test/docker-image]
dc5e59c14160: Pushing [==================================================>] 14.85 kB
03c20c1a019a: Pushing [==================================================>] 2.048 kB
a08f14ef632e: Pushing [==================================================>] 2.048 kB
228950524c88: Pushing 2.048 kB
6a8ecde4cc03: Pushing [==>                                                ] 9.901 MB/205.7 MB
5f70bf18a086: Pushing 1.024 kB
737f40e80b7f: Waiting
82b57dbc5385: Waiting
19429b698a22: Waiting
9436069b92a3: Waiting
error parsing HTTP 403 response body: unexpected end of JSON input: ""

This error is ambiguous, as it’s not clear whether the 403 is coming from the GitLab Rails application, the Docker Registry, or something else. In this case, since we know that since the login succeeded, we probably need to look at the communication between the client and the Registry.

The REST API between the Docker client and Registry is described in the Docker documentation. Normally, one would just use Wireshark or tcpdump to capture the traffic and see where things went wrong. However, since all communications between Docker clients and servers are done over HTTPS, it’s a bit difficult to decrypt the traffic quickly even if you know the private key. What can we do instead?

One way would be to disable HTTPS by setting up an insecure Registry. This could introduce a security hole and is only recommended for local testing. If you have a production system and can’t or don’t want to do this, there is another way: use mitmproxy, which stands for Man-in-the-Middle Proxy.

mitmproxy

mitmproxy allows you to place a proxy between your client and server to inspect all traffic. One wrinkle is that your system needs to trust the mitmproxy SSL certificates for this to work.

The following installation instructions assume you are running Ubuntu:

1. Install mitmproxy.
2. Run mitmproxy --port 9000 to generate its certificates. Enter CTRL-C to quit.

3. Install the certificate from ~/.mitmproxy to your system:

   sudo cp ~/.mitmproxy/mitmproxy-ca-cert.pem /usr/local/share/ca-certificates/mitmproxy-ca-cert.crt
   sudo update-ca-certificates
   

If successful, the output should indicate that a certificate was added:

Updating certificates in /etc/ssl/certs... 1 added, 0 removed; done.
Running hooks in /etc/ca-certificates/update.d....done.

To verify that the certificates are properly installed, run:

mitmproxy --port 9000

This command runs mitmproxy on port 9000. In another window, run:

curl --proxy "http://localhost:9000" "https://httpbin.org/status/200"

If everything is set up correctly, information is displayed on the mitmproxy window and no errors are generated by the curl commands.

Running the Docker daemon with a proxy

For Docker to connect through a proxy, you must start the Docker daemon with the proper environment variables. The easiest way is to shutdown Docker (for example sudo initctl stop docker) and then run Docker by hand. As root, run:

export HTTP_PROXY="http://localhost:9000"
export HTTPS_PROXY="https://localhost:9000"
docker daemon --debug

This command launches the Docker daemon and proxies all connections through mitmproxy.

Running the Docker client

Now that we have mitmproxy and Docker running, we can attempt to sign in and push a container image. You may need to run as root to do this. For example:

docker login s3-testing.myregistry.com:5050
docker push s3-testing.myregistry.com:5050/root/docker-test/docker-image

In the example above, we see the following trace on the mitmproxy window:

The above image shows:

• The initial PUT requests went through fine with a 201 status code.
• The 201 redirected the client to the S3 bucket.
• The HEAD request to the AWS bucket reported a 403 Unauthorized.

What does this mean? This strongly suggests that the S3 user does not have the right permissions to perform a HEAD request. The solution: check the IAM permissions again. Once the right permissions were set, the error goes away.